Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including Ethocups™ (ethosuximide oral solution), increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients. Patients should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal, ideation, or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed that AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts. Advise patients, caregivers, and families to be alert to these symptoms and report them immediately.

Blood Dyscrasias
Ethosuximide has been associated with serious hematologic abnormalities, including leukopenia, agranulocytosis, pancytopenia (with or without bone marrow suppression), eosinophilia, and thrombocytopenia. Periodic CBCs are recommended. Discontinue if significant hematologic changes are observed.

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)
DRESS, also known as multi-organ hypersensitivity, has occurred with ethosuximide use and may be fatal or life-threatening. Clinical presentations may include fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, facial swelling, hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, or hematologic abnormalities. Eosinophilia is often present. This disorder is variable in its expression, and other organ systems not noted here may be involved. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (e.g. fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. Discontinue Ethocups™ if an alternative etiology cannot be established.

Serious Dermatologic Reactions
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and other serious dermatologic events have been reported. Discontinue Ethocups™ at the first sign of rash unless it is clearly unrelated to the drug.

Abrupt Withdrawal
As with other AEDs, abrupt discontinuation may precipitate absence status epilepticus or generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Discontinue Ethocups™ gradually to minimize seizure risk.

Hepatic and Renal Effects
Ethosuximide has been associated with abnormal liver and kidney function tests. Use caution in patients with known hepatic or renal impairment. Periodic urinalysis and liver function testing are advised.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Cases of Systematic Lupus Erythematosus have been reported. Clinicians should be alert to this possibility and monitor accordingly.

Neuropsychiatric Effects
Psychiatric symptoms including aggression, sleep disturbances, depression, and, in rare cases, psychosis or suicidal intent have been reported. Use caution in patients with a history of psychiatric disorders.

Use in Pregnancy
Ethosuximide crosses the placenta. AEDs have been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations. Causes of birth defects have been reported with ethosuximide. The reports suggesting an elevated incidence of birth defects in children of drug-treated epileptic women cannot be regarded as adequate to prove a definite cause and effect relationship. Anticonvulsant drugs should not be discontinued in patients in whom the drug is administered to prevent major seizures because of the strong possibility of precipitating status epilepticus with attendant hypoxia and threat to life. In individual cases where the severity and frequency of the seizure disorder are such that the removal of medication does not pose a serious threat to the patient, discontinuation of the drug may be considered prior to and during pregnancy, although it cannot be said with any confidence that even minor seizures do not pose some hazard to the developing embryo or fetus. Encourage enrollment in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry (1-888-233-2334).

Use in Lactation
Ethosuximide is excreted in human milk. The effects on nursing infants are unknown. Use caution when administering to breastfeeding women.

Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 3 years have not been established.

Contraindications
Ethocups™ is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to ethosuximide or other succinimides.

Ethosuximide, when used alone in mixed types of epilepsy, may increase the frequency of grand mal seizures in some patients.

Ethosuximide may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks, such as driving a motor vehicle or other such activity requiring alertness; therefore, the patient should be cautioned accordingly.

Drug Interactions
Ethosuximide may interact with AEDs. Monitor serum levels if used in combination with agents like phenytoin or valproic acid, which may alter ethosuximide plasma concentrations.

Adverse Reactions
Ethosuximide may interact with other AEDs. Monitor serum level if used in combination with agents like phenytoin or valproic acid, which may alter ethosuximide plasma concentrations.

• Psychiatric disturbances: irritability, aggression, hallucinations, depression, night terrors, inability to concentrate, and aggressiveness;
• Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrom, systemic lupus erythematosus, pruritic erythematous, urticaria, rash;
• Hematologic: leukopenia, agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, with or without bone marrow suppression, and eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia;
• Hepatic and renal: abnormal function tests, hepatitis;
• Other: vaginal bleeding, hematuria, myopia

Overdosage
Acute overdose may lead to nausea, vomiting, CNS depression, and coma with respiratory depression. There is no known antidote. Treatment includes gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and supportive measures. Hemodialysis may be effective.

Please see full Prescribing Information, including Medication Guide, for complete safety and dosing information.